Abstract
Abstract
Human ecological concerns in Africa have become increasingly urgent as nations struggle to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability. Angola, a leading oil-producing country, presents a critical case for examining the complex interplay between natural resource exploitation, ecological degradation, and human well-being. Despite significant oil revenues, widespread pollution, deforestation, and the disruption of traditional livelihoods have exposed deep vulnerabilities in the human environment system. This paper explores how continued oil exploration along Angola’s coastal and inland regions has reshaped ecological relationships, intensified socio-economic inequalities, and hindered the realization of sustainable development objectives. Through a human ecological lens, the study highlights how the degradation of water sources, loss of biodiversity, and displacement of communities’ challenge both environmental justice and national development agendas. In the post-SDG context, the paper argues for a transition from extractive centred growth to an inclusive ecological model that prioritizes local participation, environmental restoration, and adaptive governance. Such a shift is essential to reframe Angola’s development trajectory toward resilience, sustainability, and human dignity.