Abstract
Sustainability performance measurement and management (SPMM) is vital for organisations to meet stakeholder demands for accountability and transparency through environmental, social and economic performance disclosure. Engaging with stakeholders can help organisations understand stakeholder concerns and identify material issues. Despite stakeholder engagement's importance in SPMM, most related studies focus on stakeholder engagement in sustainability reporting alone rather than SPMM as a whole. They primarily explore the role or quality of engagement instead of studying engagement practices in detail. Using stakeholder theory as a theoretical lens and conducting multiple case studies across nine firms from four sectors, we developed a framework comprising twelve engagement practices in three engagement levels: information sharing, dialogue and collaboration, and empowerment and co-creation, explaining how organisations engage with stakeholders for SPMM. We contribute to SPMM and stakeholder engagement literatures and further existing knowledge of stakeholder theory in SPMM. We discuss managerial implications and propose future research directions.