Abstract
Global supply chains face increasingly diverse disruptions whose impacts propagate through interconnected operational and organizational processes. However, existing supply chain risk and resilience research largely relies on event-centric perspectives that treat disruptions as discrete and independent shocks, offering limited explanation of how disruption effects propagate, interact, and lead to heterogeneous performance outcomes across supply chains. Addressing this limitation, this study develops a systems-based causal framework by synthesizing evidence from 122 peer-reviewed case studies. Drawing on systems thinking, the study theorizes how different disruption types propagate through supply chain processes, how firms deploy resilience strategies as system interventions, and how feedback structures shape cascading effects and outcomes. By moving beyond event-based explanations, the study advances a dynamic, system-level understanding of supply chain disruption and resilience, offering integrative theoretical insights and practical guidance for managing complex and interconnected supply chain risks.