Abstract
Applied artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a key source of competitive advantage, yet micro and small enterprises (MSEs) often face structural constraints that limit their ability to adopt advanced digital technologies. Despite Switzerland’s innovative economic environment, AI adoption among MSEs remains disproportionate across industries. Prior research shows that firms follow distinct digital transformation trajectories, with pioneers typically exhibiting stronger innovation capabilities than early or late followers. This study examines whether membership in a technology‑adoption group is associated with the adoption of applied AI within Swiss MSEs. Using chi‑square tests of association, the analysis assesses links between pioneer-follower classifications and adoption outcomes, providing insights for policymakers and business support organisations seeking to promote more even AI uptake. Overall, our findings reveal a systematic and robust relationship between a firm’s technology‑adoption profile and its likelihood of implementing applied AI, with pioneers and early followers consistently reporting substantially higher levels of AI use than late followers.