Abstract
This study introduces the Guided-Flexible Learning (GFL) approach, a transformative educational framework emphasising student empowerment through co-designed learning experiences. By employing a comprehensive literature review and thematic analysis of 96 academic publications, the research identifies 11 critical themes shaping student-led learning. These themes are categorized into two main dimensions: the "aspects of learning flexibility" (e.g., learning materials, strategies, technology) and the "extent of flexibility" (low, medium, high).
The findings culminate in the development of the Guided-Flexible Learning Matrix, offering a robust theoretical framework for integrating GFL into diverse educational contexts. This matrix provides educators with a structured approach to balance student autonomy with guided learning, fostering deeper engagement, critical thinking, and inclusivity. While the model highlights significant benefits, such as enhanced student satisfaction and adaptability, it also acknowledges challenges like maintaining consistency across diverse learner needs and managing the balance of flexibility and structure.