Abstract
This study explores the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and firm performance in Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), incorporating gender as a moderating factor. A mixed-methods approach involving a survey of 398 SME entrepreneurs reveals positive correlations between EO dimensions (Innovativeness, Risk-taking, and Proactiveness) and firm performance. Gender moderation partially confirms a stronger link between Risk-taking and Proactiveness with firm performance among males, while Innovativeness shows no significant gender effect. In 32 semi-structured interviews, both male and female entrepreneurs exhibit a tendency for innovation and risk-taking with distinct focuses. Females emphasize risk-taking in human resource management, while males prioritize risk assessment. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods, this study challenges conventional gender role assumptions, providing a nuanced understanding of the intricate interplay among EO, gender, and firm performance in Chinese SMEs.